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Posts Tagged ‘Spondylitis’

Joint pain can indicate a comparatively benign condition, such as mild sprain. Joint pain can be the result of a moderate condition, disorder or disease, such as bursitis, ankylosing spondylitis, a moderate ligament sprain, or a dislocation. Joint pain can also accompany serious conditions that can even be life-threatening.

Joint Pain Causes

Joint pain can be caused by injury or sickness touching any of the ligaments, bursae, or tendons nearby the joint. Injury or illness can also influence the ligaments, cartilage, and bones within the joint, most important to a painful joint

Joint Pain Symptoms

Pain is the chief symptom of most musculoskeletal disorders. The pain may be mild or severe, local or common (diffuse).
Although pain may be acute and brief, as is the case with most injuries, pain may be constant with chronic illnesses, such as rheumatoid arthritis

Most Important Tips for Joint Pain: -

•    Apply Eucalyptus oil where there is pain. Steam the affected area or dip a towel in boiling water, twist the water out from the towel and apply it to the affected area.

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•    Have one tea spoon of cod liver oil every day-Stick to the one tsp measure. Avoid use of too much pain killers especially those containing narcotic and sleeping tablets.

•    You can have a look at your diet as there are some products that will exacerbate the pain. Sometimes dairy products, citrus, alcohol, some meat, beef, pork, lamb, and vegetable oils have inflammatory effects and if your condition is inflammatory then this is a joint pain remedy that you should consider. You can find a good arthritis diet out there for you.

•    Have lots of fruits containing Vitamin C like Guava, Oranges, and Gooseberries. Try avoiding milk and potatoes.

•    Usually Joint pain is felt more in the morning. Apply some ointment on the affected area before going to bed everyday.

•    Simple exercises in Yoga, Cycling, Swimming, Walking etc. can control the pain. Keep the exercises simple and do not overexert. Doing exercises standing in chest level water also improves the pain.

•    Proper posture should be maintained while sitting, walking and lying down.

•    If overweight, control weight by reducing food and doing exercises.

•    Prepare a mixture by mixing equal quantity of carrot juice and lemon juice. Consume one tablespoon of this mixture daily is one of the best remedy for joint pain. Carrot juice strengthens our ligaments to a great extent.

•    Drinking papaya seed tea has a positive effect in relieving join pain. Drink this tea at least 4-5 times every day for at least two weeks before you can see some results.

•    Drinking of plenty of water is effective in bringing down joint pain. Water is excellent for the purpose of flushing out the toxins from the body and providing joint pain relief.

•    When warm milk is inspired by adding one table spoonful of turmeric, it is an excellent remedy for joint pain relief.

•    Grind four peeled pieces of garlic, along with two grams of Sprague. Dip this mixture in 30 grams mustard oil and heat, on low flame, for 1-2 minutes. Massage the aching joints with this oil, after cooling it down, to get release from pain and swelling.

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Over the past 50 years or so, science has been able to unlock the mystery of enzymes and has applied their knowledge to make better use of these amazing substances in an ever growing number of applications.  One of the key benefits of enzymes is in the sphere of human health care.

The human body and its trillion cells use and depend upon thousands of metabolic enzymes for their energy factor and to carry out numberless biochemical processes.  Metabolic enzymes act as the workhorses of the body because they also regulate and control each and every process that keeps the body functioning harmoniously.

As a consequence, their therapeutic applications are varied and far-reaching, from the treatment of chronic pancreatitis to the lysis (the disintegration or dissolution of cells such as blood cells or bacteria) of blood clots especially for treating cardiovascular diseases.

Germany is the country that has performed most of the pioneering work in the field of Enzyme Therapy.   Hans Nieper, Dr. Max Wolf and Dr. Benitez succeeded in showing that mixtures of enzymes had a positive effect in reducing swelling and inflammation; enhancing immune function; improving circulation; reducing pain; strengthening connective tissue; speeding recovery from traumatic injury; minimizing scar formation; preventing complications after injury and also found them to be useful in the management of rheumatic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, soft tissue rheumatism and ankylosing spondylitis.

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In recent years, certain proteolytic enzymes such as serratopeptase and nattokinase have been employed for their fibrinolysis properties because they possess the ability to emulsify and digest arterial plaque.  Others like bromelain and papain have shown mucolytic activity and have been found to be helpful in treating respiratory tract diseases such as sinusitis and bronchitis.  Yet others have an anti-inflammatory effect, helping to decrease swelling, capillary permeability and reducing blood viscosity by dissolving blood-clot forming fibrin deposits and micro-thrombi thereby improving oxygen and nutrient transport and circulation.

Proteolytic enzymes act as a natural anti-inflammatory and have also demonstrated the ability to break down plasma proteins and cellular debris into smaller fragments at the site of an injury helping their dispersal through the lymphatic system.  This is turn relieves swelling, pain and discomfort.  Because of their healing properties they have been found to be excellent therapeutic agents for minor musculoskeletal injuries and for accelerating recovery in sports injuries, surgery and burns.

Proteolytic enzymes are useful in the fight against bacterial and fungal infections.  When it comes to fighting viruses – enzymes attack and dissolve the isoprin bonds – the exterior protein shell coating of the virus, rendering it useless.  And last but not least, enzymes modulate immune function by enhancing the production of cytokines, increasing the phagocytic activity of macrophages and facilitating the break-up of circulating immune complexes which are the major causes of auto-immune diseases such as arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

Enzymes target a diverse range of ailments, are 100% natural and offer noticeable and rapid health benefits.

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The present article is relaed to the observation made by the author in his two and half decades of clinical practice on the cure of the divergent inflammatory diseases such as Asthma, Arthritis, Tuberculosis, etc. by administering a single molecule/ medicine. Extensive literature and patent search could not present any scientific explanation for the phenomenon observed and reported. Preliminary research at the author’s clinic and lab has enabled the postulation and confirmation of a novel theory and immune pathway involving Histamine haemostasis referred to as the Rao’s Vicious Cycle.  In this study the medicine used belongs to the category of allergies, a new mechanism is proposed for the action of mediators during the inflammation. It has been postulated that the histamine liberated from the mast cells is the key link among the divergent diseases. During inflammation, histamine is released at the inflammatory sites as predicted by Rao’s vicious cycle. The later refers to the proliferation of TH2 type of reaction and its dominance over TH1 reaction.  In this method of cure known as Appa Hista, antihistamine antibodies, combat the histamine at the inflammatory sites and also block TH2 type of reaction, thus indirectly helping the TH1 type of reaction. The dual effect of Appa hista antibodies has been visualized in 1) Killing the intracellular organisms through TH1 type of reaction and; 2) Neutralizing the histamine at inflammation site at the same time blocking the excess TH2 type of reaction. Since Appa Hista directly attacks histamine where ever it is present, it may cure all inflammatory diseases.

            The present investigation deals with the cure of some of the most stubborn problems such as paralytic stroke, arthritis, tuberculosis etc., by using histamine conjugated normal human immunoglobulin.  Histamine is a chemical mediator and also the prime mediator of inflammation.  It is a vasoactive amine, found long back and established as a chemical mediator of inflammation.  This compound is essential for vascular permeability and allows the vessels to leak the protein rich exudate and cells to the site of inflammation. The latter is divided into two groups: 1) Acute inflammation and 2) Chronic inflammation. While chronic inflammation may originate as chronic itself, an acute inflammation, may, over a period of time become chronic.  The inflammatory response is closely coupled with the process of healing or repair.  A foreign body (agent) always wants to destroy the host tissue for its settlement, while, the host always tries to get rid of the agent as it is foreign.  Thus, inflammation can be considered as a protective response of the host and serves to destroy, dilute or wall off the injurious agents, and, also as far as possible heal and reconstitute the tissues.

            Normally, inflammation is an immunological (protective) phenomenon and, pain is a protective signal to get rid of the stimuli (causes).  At times they become pathological and produce disease.1 Repair begins during the early phases of inflammation but reaches completion usually after the injurious influence has been neutralized. During repair the injured tissue is replaced by parenchymal (functional) cells or by filling of the defect with fibroblastic tissue (scarring) or most commonly by a combination of these two processes.  The defense mechanism is such that the system tries itself best to give protection by innate immunity. Alternately, if the agent is a stronger one, then only the acquired immunity is triggered either by humoral immunity (present in body fluids) or by cell mediated immunity or by both.  The humoral/cell mediated immunity is offered by several preformed or existing proteins like compliment and antibodies, or, by cells like macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils.  When an agent initiates an injury, the defense mechanism is triggered by release of mediators.  Rather than too few, there are a large number of mediators in the defense system.

            The cells that are developed in the bone narrow mature and liberate into the blood stream.  A few cells settle in the tissues and lympho reticular system to perform their immunological function.  The cells in the blood are red blood cells (RBC) white blood cells (WBC) and platelets.  Red cells supply oxygen to all the systems.  White blood cells defend body from foreign stimuli and platelets help in clotting.

            The WBC is further divided into Granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes.  It is well known that granulocytes are further divided into polymorpho nuclear leucocytes, Eosinophils and Basophiles. Lymphocytes are divided into T cells, B cells and NK cells.  Monocytes are referred to as monocytes in the blood and as macrophages and mast cells in the tissues.

Mediators are found in cells as well as in plasma. Mediators are classified into preformed mediators and newly synthesized mediators. Preformed mediators always exist even in the absence of the inflammatory stimuli.  These are histamine, serotonin, lysosomal enzymes which are generated by the cellular sources mast cells, platelets, neutrophils, macrophages etc. The newly synthesized mediators, on the other hand, are formed in the presence of an inflammatory stimulus.  These are prostaglandins, leucoterines, and platelet activating factors, cytokines, and nitric oxide etc., generated from cellular sources such as leucocytes, platelets endothelium and macrophages.

            Under the influence of an inflammatory stimulus certain proteins in the plasma like complement under go chain reactions releasing intermediary substances like C3a, C5a and C5b – 9.  C3a is an anaphylotoxin attracting histamine to the site, while C5a attracts neutrophils to the site.  C5b – 9b, on the other hand, are believed to create MACs (membrane activating complexes) and cause target cells lysis (destruction). A plasma protein known as Hegeman factor, on the other hand, activates, clotting/ kinin cascades resulting in blood clotting and pain.

            The response initiated by an antigenic stimulus in the cells and mediators in a host is known as immune response.  As is well documented IR can be divided in to two types such as the humoral (antibody mediated immunity (AMI)) and the cellular (cell mediated immunity (CMI)). AMI refers to interaction of antigens with antibodies present in the plasma and in the interstitial fluids (extracellular), resulting in neutralization.  CMI refers to the direct killing (lysis) of intracellular bacteria through various cytokines secreted by T lymphocytes.

            The current state of understanding regarding immunological reactions can be summarized as follows.  Briefly the I Anaphylactic, II Cytolytic and III Immune complex reactions eventually generate TH2 (T Helper cell sub set 2). The latter generate the IL4 IL5 and IL10 (interleukin cytokines) which take part in allergic reactions, basic healing and also provide opposition to the TH1 subset. TH1 subset forms in delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction (type IV) and includes the cytokines IL2, TNF and IFN contributing to intracellular killing.

Two decades of clinical practice in curing various inflammatory diseases and the possible common link between these is summarized in Table 1. The latter clearly points out the administering of the medicine for a primary disease such as Asthma which was found to have a beneficial affect on Arthritis, and so on.  Thus, a single medicine normally used in treatment of allergies had resulted in cure of several inflammatory diseases which are hitherto being treated separately.  Animal experimentation at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) confirmed the anti inflammatory properties of the medicine.2 This necessitated a re-look in to the fundamentals of cells, mediators and immunological response.  Literature and patent search revealed that in 1994 a US patent was granted to Yoshi et al from Japan.

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Subsequently relief by the treatment has been observed in the following inflammatory diseases;

Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, Seronegative arthropathies, including reactive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and various vasculitides.

Paralysis (Cerebro vascular accident due to vasculitis), Encephalitis, Tuberculomas, multiple sclerosis, Epilepsy, peripheral neuritis, migraine, Guillian-Barr’e syndrome.

Bronchial asthma, TB, Drug resistant tuberculosis, and pulmonary mycotic conditions.

Glomerulo nephritis, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome.

Chronic UTI, Stress incontinence, chronic leucorrhoea, and infertility.

Hypertension, Rheumatic heart diseases, (also with CCF, Choria) Congestive cardiac failure, Atherosclerosis. Global hypokinesia.

Chronic venous (Sephanous) ulcers, psoriasis, Lepraneuritis, and Vitiligo (Early Stage).

Iridocyclitis, Uveitis, Retinal detachment, Glucoma, Vasomotorrhnitis, Epistaxis, Allergy, Miners disease.

Peptic ulcer, IBS, Ulcerative colitis.

Stress related syndromes. Dementias.

Cerebral Malaria, Filariasis, Fungal infections and DIC.

Cancer pains, chronic pains, few cancers arrested.

Thyroid, Diabetes.

COMMON LINK AMONG INFLAMMATORY DISEASES

Reorganization of cells

In the present methodology, the cells are reorganised into cells presenting antigens, cells required in processing antigens and intermediary cells, and, cells found at the site of inflammation. Of particular importance is the role played by intermediaries such as mast cells and basophiles. As will be seen later these are essential for release of histamine, and therefore, key agents for initiating and maintaining the inflammation.  It is thus imperative that any control on mast cells should control the inflammatory diseases.

Mast cells

Mast cells4,5are bone marrow derived tissue resident cells, relatively large in diameter (10-15 mm) and heterogeneous in shape.  Under optical microscope the mast cells reveal 50 to 200 densely packed granules in each cell, each granule in turn is bound to membrane. A typical granule of 0.1 to 0.4 mm contains relatively large amounts of histamine, heparin, TNF and other preformed inflammatory mediators.  The surface of the each of the cells is coated with high affinity receptors ecoR1, which attracts IgE molecules on the surface of mast cells. Following the attachment of the IgE molecules on the mast cell surfaces, the granules start degranulating.  Although mast cells are found in connective tissues through out the body, these are present in large numbers beneath the surface tissues such as skin, lung alveoli, gastrointestinal mucosa and nasal mucus membranes. Thus, mast cells are strategically positioned to interact with inhaled or ingested antigens.

Mechanism of Mediators:6

            Histamine at the inflammatory site has a long life (30-60 mts), and, is stable as compared to most mediators derived from phospholipids and nitric oxide.  As is well known histamine triggers all the mediators and vice versa. Therefore, in any physical injury such as trauma, cold or heat, the activation of already stored histamine from the mast cells is expected to play a dominant role.

Histamine receptors on lymphocytes:7,8,9 

            In the proposed protocol it has been postulated that histamine can trigger lymphocytes in releasing other mediators.  This is possible only if there is histamine receptors present on the lymphocytes.  This assumption has received a recent support from several researchers. Similarly, the action of T cells in the histamine homeostasis10 (self-regulating information feedback) is proposed to take place as illustrated in Fig. 1. An important point to note is that IL6, IL8 and TNF etc., present at the inflammatory site due to tissue injury are also capable of liberating histamine.

IgE B Cells:

            The IL4 cytokine is expected to play a dominant role in sensitizing CD4 cells and through it the effector cells i.e. B cells and CD8 cells.  Further, in a double pronged manner IL4 can directly sensitize an IgE B cell which in turn releases IgE and acts on mast cells to liberate histamine.  The latter in turn goes to the inflammatory site and causes healing through TH2 type of reaction.  In case the inflammation is larger, it may turn in to chronic due to liberation of cytokines IL4 IL6 TNF etc.11  These in turn, in a positive feed back cycle, trigger histamine release and aid in maintaining chronic inflammation.  This vicious cycle of generation of histamine at the site of injury and its subsequent triggering of IgE B cells ( Histamine pathway II) and CD4 cells ( Histamine pathway I) is termed as Rao’s Vicious cycle.  That is strong inflammation can turn into chronic inflammation by the continuous generation of excess histamine in repeated positive feed back cycles.  Micro organisms may be exploiting this phenomenon in producing chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases.

Rao’s Vicious Cycle and it’s interaction with three immunological pathways

            As is well known, any immunological reaction operates through three different path ways as shown in Fig.2.  The path way 1 is known as IgE / mast cell / mediator path way can be sub divided to reflect physiological and pathological conditions as path 1a and path 1b respectively.  It can be noticed that in all the physiological conditions histamine is liberated and together with TH2 affect the cure.  The pathological conditions of inflammation on the other hand may turn in to chronic inflammation due to the excessive generation of histamine in a cyclic manner as explained earlier by Rao’s vicious cycle.

            Fig. 2 depicts the details of physiological and pathological path ways.  The difference between the 3 path ways is in the sources of histamine and also in the intermediaries.

Evidently, the histamine at the inflammatory site together with TH2 cures the inflammation.  Thus, histamine physiologically plays a role as type of switch for TH1 or TH2.          

IgE/mast cell/mediator path way12 (Fig. 3a) depicts the physiological path way which sets TH2 type of reaction after an allergic inflammation, there by affecting cure. Fig. 3b depicts pathological path way where in the presence of local cytokines IL4, IL6, INF etc., at the inflammatory site trigger the release of excess histamine over and above that required for maintaining histamine homeostasis.  This in turn triggers IgE B cells and in a cyclic manner contributes to release of more histamine making the inflammation chronic.  This in brief is the Rao’s vicious cycle proposed to be applicable for chronic inflammatory conditions.

            The IgG, IgM/Complement/neutrophil pathway as shown in Fig. 4, includes the pathological path 2b.  Typically IgG / IgM immune complex interacts with complement, which releases C3a and C5a and bring histamine and neutrophilis into the site. The presence of IL4, IL6, IL8 etc. at the inflammatory site trigger histamine and in turn the Rao’s Vicious Cycle.  The TH2 type of reaction, although, helps in healing process in physiological (2a) inflammation through the parenchymal cells, the excess of TH2 found in pathological inflammations can cause over healing, resulting in scaring and stiffening.

In the physiological path way 3a as shown in Fig. 5, theCD8 cells kill the intracellular organisms by TH1 type of reaction, and, the TH2 type of reaction set by histamine heals

through parenchymal cells. Pathological path 3b (T lymphocyte / lymphokine pathway) directly kills the intracellular organisms by TH1 reaction through the cytokines liberated by CD8 cells. However, the TH2 cytokines liberated from IgE B cells and the associated excess histamine through Rao’s Vicious cycle contribute to the chronic nature of inflammation.  Thus, in spite of the killing of intracellular organism (TH1 action) the inflammation continues (by TH2 action which opposes TH1).  The pain13, stress, and cancer cytokines are also the same as those that cause inflammation and, so can trigger Rao’s Vicious cycle.

Appa Hista:

            Appa Hista refers to the proposed method of curing inflammation using anti- histamine antibodies while exploiting the fundamental phenomena of Rao’s Vicious cycle.  It is by now clear that the histamine homeostasis in the body is disturbed during inflammation.  Antigen administered in the physiological condition of inflammation reacts with IgE B cells generating the IgE and in turn through TH2 type of reactions affecting the cure.  More serious is the pathological condition leading to chronic inflammation. Rao’s vicious cycle plays a major role in generating and maintaining histamine levels above those required for histamine homeostasis.  It is interesting to note that the generation of excess histamine is found in acute and chronic inflammation.  The cure therefore is to see that antibodies are generated to combat against histamine.  In Appa Hista method, histamine conjugated normal human immunoglobulin is intramuscularly injected. It works like a vaccine. This most likely reaches all the lymph nodes and stimulates B cells to produce IgG antihistamine antibodies (also referred to as Appa Hista).  The antibodies in turn reach the inflammatory site and neutralize the histamine i.e. it breaks the Rao’s vicious cycle, either directly or enhance the histamine binding ability of the plasma.  The histamine binding/ diluting ability is as high as 30 times in normal individuals as compared to that of suffering from allergic inflammation in normal individuals.14

            Appa Hista’s main advantage is that it neither interferes in primary histamine release nor causes any immuno suppression.  During the past two decades of clinical practice, the author had cured couple of hundreds of patients of both sexes with age groups ranging from 10 to 60 years. The relief from inflammatory diseases found in most cases range from good to excellent (patent application status). The intensity of the disease is found to be reduced on the administration of the medicine along with the gradual increase in the time periods at which the medicine has to be re-administered.  This may takes 3 weeks to 3 months depending up on the intensity of symptom.  An interesting feature is that the patients felt totally comfortable during in between drug administration periods along with a general feeling of well being, which was not the case with steroids or any other drugs.

Side effects:

            There are no side effects observed in the Appa Hista method of cure and applications.  It is however found that the method is not very effective in the case of smokers, and alcoholics. From an economic view point the treatment is inexpensive as compared to current day methods used.  Also, the drug, which is already bio-assayed and available in the market for last 30 years can be easily procured and administered.

            A link is observed among the inflammatory diseases and it is identified as Rao’s vicious cycle. Histamine is present in human body in levels corresponding to that required to maintain histamine homeostasis.  During inflammation, histamine is released at the- inflammatory sites as predicted by Rao’s vicious cycle. The later refers to the proliferation of TH2 type of reaction and its dominance over TH1 reaction.  In the Appa Hista method of cure, antihistamine antibodies combat the histamine at the inflammatory sites and also block TH2 type of reaction, thus indirectly helping the TH1 type of reaction. The dual effect of Appa hista antibodies can be visualized in:

1) killing the intracellular organisms through TH1 type of reaction, and,

2) neutralizing the histamine at inflammation site at the same time blocking the excess TH2 type of reaction.

Since Appa Hista directly attacks histamine where ever it is present, can cure all inflammatory diseases.

REFERENCES

1)      Espinoza, L. R. & Cuellar, M. L. Molecular Pathogenic Mechanisms of Spondyloarthropathies: (Medical Intelligence Unit). Publisher: (Springer,  Berlin, Germany), 125 pp (1995).

2)      Dr. Appa Rao Peddapalli. Use of Histamine Conjugated Normal Human Immunoglobulin for treatment of all types of pain and inflammation, Indian Patent Application: 3165/DEL/98, (1998).

3)      3) Dr. Appa Rao Peddapalli. Use of Histamine Conjugated Normal Human Immunoglobulin for treatment of all types of pain and inflammation, Indian Patent Application: 1301/DEL/2002, Dec 26th, (2002).

4)      3) Yoshii Haruo,  Fukata &  Yuriko. Immunomodulating and antiinflammatory agent. United States Patent 5,780,026  July 14, (1998).

5)      Valent, P.; et al. Variable expression of activation-linked surface antigens on human mast cells in health and disease.   Immunological Reviews, 179 74-81 (2001).

6)      Orth,  Reid N.; Wu, Min; Holowka, David, A.; Craighead, Harold, G. & Baird, Barbara A.  Mast Cell Activation on Patterned Lipid Bilayers of Subcellular Dimensions. Langmuir,   1599-1605 (2003).

7)      Falus, Andras; Laszlo, Valeria; Darvas, Zsuzsa & Bencsath, Martha. Histamine – an early messenger in the immune system and inflammation. Central-European Journal of Immunology, 52-54 (1996).

8)      Schneider, Elke; Rolli-Derkinderen, Malvyne; Arock, Michel & Dy, Michel.  Trends in histamine research: new functions during immune responses and hematopoiesis. Trends in Immunology,   255-263 (2002)

9)      Coge, Francis; et al. Genomic organization and characterization of splice variants of the human histamine H3 receptor. Biochemical Journal, 279-288 (2001).

10)  Mannaioni, P. F.; Fantozzi, R.; Giannella, E.; Masini, E. & Dep., Preclin. Pathophysiological significance of the distribution of histamine receptor sub-types:  a proposed dual role for histamine in inflammation and type I hypersensitivity reactions. Univ. Florence, Florence, Italy.    26-34 (1988).

11)  Lichtenstein, L. M. & Osler, A. G. Studies on the mechanisms of hypersensitivity phenomena. ix histamine release from human leukocytes by ragweed pollen antigen. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 507-30 (1964).

12)  De Rossi, Marco; Bernasconi, Pia; Baggi, Fulvio; De Waal Malefyt, Rene & Mantegazza, Renato.  Cytokines and chemokines are both expressed by human myoblasts: possible relevance for the immune pathogenesis of muscle inflammation. International Immunology, 1329-1335 (2000).

13)  Schwarz, M.; Sunder-Plassmann R.; Cerwenka A.; Pickl, W. F. & Holter, W.Regulation of cytokine production by human T-lymphocytes in allergic immune response. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, General Review, 672-6 (1993).

14)  Dickenson, A. & Besson, J.M. The Pharmacology of Pain. Handbook, Exp. Pharmacol., Publisher: (Springer,  Berlin, Germany.) 479pp (1997). 

15)  Kokai Tokkyo Koho. Nippon Zoki Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Japan, Allergy treatment. Japanese Patent, Application: JP 78-162375  19781223,6 pp (1980).

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The less common forms of arthritis conditions include ankylosing sodalities, lupus, psoriatic arthritis, infectious arthritis, septic arthritis and many more. There are also a number of rheumatic syndromes associated with HIV infection. In some inflammatory forms of arthritis, the rheumatoid antibody, the marker for rheumatoid arthritis is not found in the blood serum. These forms are known collectively as exonerative arthritis, and include sodalities, Reiter’s disease and colitis arthritis, in which arthritis follows an infection. Sodality, which affects one person in a thousand, is a painful, progressive disease of the vertebrae of the spine.

As a result of the inflammation, scar tissue forms in the space between the vertebrae, making the joints stiff. This tissue may turn to bone so that when the inflammation dies down, it leaves bony deposits on the rims of the vertebrae. Bone grows from the ides of the affected vertebrae and may fuse together. If this arthritis is untreated, it can cause severe deformity of the spine with the sufferer bent forward, hardly able to look up. Sodalities affect many more men than women. Young men may develop the disease between ages of 17 and 27, typically in their early twenties. There is a strong genetic factor linked to a tissues type called HLA 827. However, not all those who carry the gene develop the full blown disease.

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Enclosing sodalities starts with persistent back pain and early morning stiffness that tends to become less with movement during the day. Symptoms may also include chronic fatigue and weight loss. There may be pain in the chest and ribs, making it difficult to breathe. Pain in the buttocks and the backs of the thighs, swollen ankles and tender heel bones may result. The condition should be treated promptly, to avoid locking of the spine. Blood tests and x-rays are used to make a definitive diagnosis. A relatively rare complication is iritic or unities, characterized by red, painful eyes. Go to hospital without delay if this happens to prevent permanent damage.

There is no cure for ankylosing spondylitis, although you can slow the condition’s advance by keeping mobile, and gain relief from pain through the application of heat. Hot baths, hot water bottles or an electric blanket, together with a firm bed, will prove helpful. Regular exercise, as advised by a physiotherapist, is important, so that even if fusion of the vertebrae takes place, the back fuses straight, rather than curved. When you are working at a desk, change your position frequently so that you are not holding your spine in one fixed position for long periods.

give reliable scanning results of the brain and the spinal cord. When it comes to diagnostic accuracy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most recommended procedure since it delivers the finest details of the scanned body parts.

The spinal cord is the major part of the central nervous system; any damage to it will surely affect the proper functioning of the body. An is the preferred method to identify any specific disorder of this body part. The examination spans the entire spinal region including the cervical spine, thoracic spine and the lumbar spine. MRI scans of the spine help to find out disorders such as arthritis, stenosis, disc herniations, spondylitis, tumors and spinal infections.

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The brain scanning procedure may vary in different patients depending on their particular health condition. Whether it is a tumor, inflammatory lesion, meningitis, Alzheimer’s disease or hydrocephaly, most dysfunctions can be traced with a . Brain scans produce clear cross sectional images of the brain for detailed study. You can get these images projected on a computer and printed on a film. With the unique coil and permanent magnet design of the machine, you are assured of visual precision for the images scanned.

New developments in magnetic resonance technology have introduced a number of positive improvements in this service area. The AIRIS II MRI scanner machine we utilize puts the patients at ease. These machines feature open-air gantry that allow the patients access from different sides. Professionally qualified and experienced radiologists in the accredited facility will assist you throughout the scanning process.

Brain and spine MRI scan is extremely accurate and painless, and is useful to detect many abnormalities, especially those associated with soft tissues which cannot be detected with CT scanning and X-rays.

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The hormone responsible for inducing pain and inflammation are treated by Celebrex. Celebrex is mainly used for treating pain or inflammation caused due to ankylosing, menstrual pain, arthritis, and spondylitis. The hereditary polyps in colon is also treated with this Celebrex. Celebrex may cause heart problem and circulation problem if taken in over dose and it should also not be consumed for long time period. Celebrex is taken more or improperly it may also cause heart attack or stroke. The specialist may suggest for not to take Celebrex before or after by pass surgery. It is important to give medical attention if there is any symptom of chest pain, vision problem, weakness, uneven breath, slurred speech. Usage of Celebrex causes many internal stomach problems such as bleeding or perforations, unexpected gastrointestinal effects especially in elderly people. Avoid using alcohol in case of taking the medications as these increases the risk of stomach bleeding and perforations. Taking unprescribed drugs for cold, pain or medication is not suggestible. The patient may experience serious impacts if he takes Aspirin along with it. One can buy Celebrex online at different concentrations of 100mg and 200mg with 90, 180, 270, 360 and 720 caps. 120 caps of Celebrex is best recommended. Taking Celebrex with food or milk reduce the risk of having stomach upset. If there is any symptoms experienced, then the patient must consult doctor.

Mobic is another anti inflammatory drug used to relieve symptoms of osteoarthritis. It is also another Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which acts in the same way as Celebrex. It may even cause mortal impact due to the side effects or diseased caused by this drug. It is important to consult doctor immediately if there is any symptoms like vomiting, coughing up blood. It is always recommended to take the dosage prescribed. It is important that an adult must not take more than 15 mg per day of Mobic . It is important to consult doctor and follow necessary things before taking Mobic. Mobic comes in 7.5 mg and 15 mg concentration and is available online as 90, 180, 270, 360, and 720 tabs. In case of emergency such as allergic reactions, hives, swelling of lips, tongue, or throat seek the medical doctor. It is also important to meet the doctor if there is any other symptoms like dark urine, stomach pain, clay colored stools, coughing with blood, jaundice and stop taking Mobic. They also cause less serious effects too. One can buy Mobic online and can order for standard shipping or express shipping according to the need.

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Tuina therapy has a wide scope of indications. It involves diseases in traumatology, surgery, internal medicine, gynecology and pediatrics. In clinical practice, its examination and treatment should be conducted under the guidance of the basic theory of TCM and in combination with modern medical knowledge. That is to say, tuina treatment should be based on an overall understanding of a patient’s general condition and local symptoms, a comprehensive analysis and a correct diagnosis by means of inspection, auscultation and olfaction, inquiring and palpation diagnoses in TCM as well as modern medical physical and laboratory examinations.

The common knowledge of inspection, auscultation and olfaction, inquiring and palpation diagnoses can be gained by reference to diagnostics of TCM. The diagnosis

and examination of the spinal column and the limbs included in inspection and palpation diagnoses of TCM are important means of tuina diagnosis.

Physical Examinations of the Spinal Region

The normal functions of the spinal column

A normal spine has the function of ventriflexion, retroflexion, lateroflexion to the right and left and rotation. The cervical vertebrae can normally ventriflex 350, retroflex 350, lateroflex 450and rotate 300. The normal lumbar vertebrae ventriflex 900, retroflex 300, lateroflex 200and rotate 300.

Inspection diagnosis

Inspection diagnosis of the spinal area should be first concentrated in whether there is any change in the spinal physiological curve and whether there is any deformity of the spinal column. The normal spine has four physiological curves, i.e. the cervical anterior curvature, thoracic posterior curvature, lumbar anterior curvature and sacrococcygeal posterior curvature. In examinations, inspection should also be made on the abnormal conditions of a patient’s posture such as spinal lateral curvature (scoliosis) or inclination, humpback, aggravation or lessening of the lumbar anterior curvature, pelvic obliquity.

Deformity of the spinal anterior curvatures (lordosis) mostly results from poor posture or infantile poliomyelitis. Deformity of the spinal posterior curvatures manifested in angular form like a hump is often seen in infantile rickets and tuberculosis of the spine. Deformity” of the spinal posterior curvatures shaped as an arc with a stiff posture is often seen in rheumatoid spondylitis. Kyphosis in

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old patients commonly occurs in the thoracic section.Scoliosis often results from improper posture, different lengths of the lower limbs, deformity of the shoulder,

rupture of the fibrous rings of the thoracic intervertebral disk, infantile poliomyelitis and chronic pathologic changes of the thoracic cavity or thorax. Scoliosis caused by improper posture may disappear on lying flat and bending the waist.

Attention should also be paid to the color of the skin,fine hair, swelling of local soft tissues. For example, coffeecolor spots of different shape on the lower back indicate the existence of neurofibroma or proliferative fibrosis.Too long fine hair in the lumbosacral area and dark skin suggest congenital sacral rupture. Swelling of the mesal soft tissue in the waist indicates bulge of the dura mater of spinal cord, and swelling in lumbar trigone of one side often means multiple abscess.

Palpation diagnosis

When palpation diagnosis is conducted, the patient takes a standing position or a lying position. Pressure pain points in spinal examinations are divided into superficial,deep and indirect tenderness.  Superficial tenderness shows pathologic changes in the superficial layer such as that in the supraspinal and interspinal ligaments, while deep and indirect tenderness indicates that pathologic changes take place in the deep areas such as in the vertebral body, small joints, intervertebral discs. In most cases of strain of soft tissues in the back, myospasm and tenderness can be found in the affected area. For instance, strain of the interspinal ligaments can cause interspinous tenderness. Strain of the supraspinal ligaments has supraspinal tenderness. Strain of the lumbar fascia commonly causes tenderness and thick sense or myospasm or streak node beside the transverse process of the third lumbar vertebra. Strain of the lumbodorsal muscles has the reflection of tenderness and spasm of local muscles.

In the case of rupture of the fibrous rings of the cervical and lumbar intervertebral disk, there can be found deep tenderness and radiating pain in the interspinal area and  both sides of the diseased intervertebral discs. If there is only aching pain, or vague pressure pain point, or no tenderness at all, or a comfortable sense when the waist is being stricken with a fist, that is the sign of symptomatic lumbago of retroversion of uterus, nephroptosia, neurosism, etc. Pressure pain points on the back and lumbar regions should also be identified whether they are the reflected pain points of the visceral diseases in this area. For example, heart diseases may sometimes have tenderness around the left acupoint Xinshu (BL 15), while the pressure pain point of diseases of the liver and gallbladder may appear at the right acupoints Ganshu (BL 18) and Danshu (BL 19). In clinic, therefore, careful and overall observation and examination are quite necessary.

Specific examinations

Percussion test on the vertex

The patient sits straight, and the doctor knocks the patient’s vertex with one hand in fist separated by the palm of the other hand. If that causes pain in the neck, serial pain and numb sensation in the upper limb or pain in the lower back and lower limb of the affected side, the test proves to be positive, which indicates that the cervical or lumbar nerve roots are being compressed.

Platform for TCM Education relies on Guilin Sino-western Medicine Joint Hospital and Guilin International Exchange Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and bases on strong internet function of www.tcmdiscovery.com to set up a platform where people can learn and practice TCM so as to contribute to humankind health.

A wide range of people especially between the age group of 35-55 years suffer from the problem of back pain. It is among the most common medical problems. It is necessary to understand the cause of your back pain for its proper treatment. Sometimes the problem of back pain is very difficult to treat so understanding the cause of the problem will help the patient in their recovery from back pain. In some cases the pain of the back may be severe and besides taking rests and all the precautionary steps the patient must contact to a doctor. The most common causes of lower back pain are sprains and strains.

Strains

The rip or tear of the muscles of the lumbar spine, despite their size and strength is called a muscle “strain”. Usually a strain is the result of a sudden force or a heavy load which is applied to the muscles before they are ready for activity. Within the muscle tissue, the muscle essentially rips along with the blood vessels. This may result into bleeding in the injured area. After 2-3 hours it produces pain. This tear in the muscle tissue is followed by certain symptoms like pain, swelling and muscle spasms.

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Sprains

It is associated with the over-stretching of one or more of the ligaments of the back. In this condition, the ligaments can be stretched beyond their natural integrity and in some cases they are completely tear. In some cases especially in motor vehicle accidents, both ligament sprains as well as muscle strains occur together.

There are some other causes also which result into the problem of back pain.

Disc Injury

In this condition the disc bulges out from between two vertebrae. This condition is known as herniated disc as well as slipped disc. There are four types of disc herniation

1. Disc bulge or protrusion 2. Disc prolapsed 3. Disc extrusion 4. Sequestrateddisc

Spinal Stenosis

It is related with the narrowing of the spinal canal. It usually affects the people above the age of 50 years.

Osteoarthritis of the Spine

It is associated with the damage that causes wear and tear of the joints. It may affect single or many joints of the spine.

Spondylolisthesis

It is a condition in which one vertebra slips forward on the one beneath it. This condition may be due to many reasons like trauma to the spine or osteoarthritis of the spine or it may have been acquired from birth.

Some more causes are ankylosing spondylitis, osteoporosis and fractures of the lumbar spine, pregnancy and fibromyalgia.

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This term is rapidly falling out of favour in the West today because modern medical science has discovered that most of these conditions have different aetiologies (causes) requiring very different treatments.

You can say that it’s a word mainly used in Chinese (& traditional) societies; it’s also used by a minority of Westerners into homeopathic and alternative medicine. The only common characteristics among these conditions are: 1) they cause long-term chronic pain, and 2) they are very difficult to treat.

‘Arthritis’ is a broad term refers to inflammation of the joints, but doesn’t say anything about the cause. Includes conditions like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, infective arthritis, gouty arthritis, etc.

Generally, I’d divide arthritis into 2 big groups:

1) Osteoarthritis (OA)

This is primarily a ‘wear and tear’ condition affecting older people. Arises from overuse (e.g. marathon runners), previous injuries (football players), overweight, heredity. A lot of older Asian women get OA of the knees while the Americans and Europeans get it in the hips. The pain is more mechanical than inflammatory. So you get pain in the later part of the day after a lot of walking and climbing stairs.

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Because it’s mainly a mechanical problem, treatment with painkillers is only a temporary solution. Long-term lifestyle changes are more important – reduce weight, mobility and muscle-strengthening exercises, reduce all kinds of weight-bearing activities (walking, jumping, running, carrying heavy objects). In severe cases, surgery may be warranted.

2) Inflammatory (‘Rheumatic’) Arthritis

This group comprises the various types of arthritis which are mainly inflammatory , not mechanical, in nature. They usually result from an auto-immune condition, which causes the body’s immune system to go haywire and attack the joints and other parts of the body. E.g. rheumatoid arthritis (RA), SLE (skin, kidneys, joints, brain), psoriasis (skin, joints), ankylosing spondylitis (back, heart), gout (joints, skin, kidneys), rheumatic heart disease/fever (joints, heart, skin). All these conditions require different forms of treatment.

I’ll talk a bit about RA, the commonest condition in this group. Unlike OA, RA can occur at any age and is usually hereditary (we now have a test for the RA factor in the blood). Pain is usually in the early morning, worse when it’s cold, and gets better with activity and use. That means an RA sufferer suffers from morning stiffness and pain, but gets better in the afternoon when it’s warmer and when he has moved around a bit.

Treatment, unlike OA, is mainly through drugs – painkillers, anti-inflammatory drugs like steroids, cytotoxic drugs like sulfasalazine and MTX. In Asia, treatment is mainly through accupuncture, medicated plasters and ointments. With the vast arsenals of drugs and non-drugs alternative treatments available today, RA can be controlled very well and the sufferer can actually lead a very active life. Many OA sufferers on the other hand may eventually require surgery since we don’t have very effective drugs for OA.

Dr Leong Y.H is a western trained medical doctor with a keen interest in Oriental medical treatment. He contribute articles to http://www.quick-pain-relief.com. You may distribute this article as long as mention is made of the author and the website.

Not long ago there was some debate as to whether early, aggressive therapy made any difference to the outcome of patients with inflammatory arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis.  Treatment tended to be based on the idea of first and second line drugs, beginning with non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and progressing to disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs such as gold and other relevant substance. Most rheumatologists are now convinced that accurate diagnosis and appropriate intervention with drugs and physiotherapy in the early stage of the disease are crucial, because the longer inflammation lasts, the more damage is caused.

This means patients are now more likely to be prescribed one or more disease modifying drugs early on. Doctors argue that once inflammation is suppressed, patients will not deteriorate and should actually improve. Patients also seem less likely to suffer side an effect from these drugs is they are treated sooner rather than later. Disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs play a key role in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. They may also be used in some other types of rheumatic diseases, such as ankylosing spondylitis or the arthritis linked with psoriasis. The lower disease activity and inflammation, thereby reducing pain, swelling and stiffness of joints, and they are often effective in cases where anti inflammatory drugs are not.

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However, they have potentially more damaging side effects than the non steroidal ones. They also tend to be slow acting and it may take weeks or even months for the full benefit to be felt. As they are not analgesics you may have to carry on with pain killers or with anti inflammatory drugs. Corticosteroids, often shortened to steroids, are hormones, some are produced naturally in the body, others manufactured synthetically. Those used in the treatment of arthritis are derived from, or a synthetic variants of, the natural corticosteroid hormones formed in the outer part of the adrenal glands.

When present in large amounts, steroids reduce inflammation and suppress immune responses, which is why they are used for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other types or rheumatic disease. Always tell your doctor and pharmacist about any medicines you are currently taking, both prescribed and over the counter. They will be able to offer invaluable advice on which drugs are the most appropriate for your particular circumstances. Paracetamol is an effective pain killer, but does not relieve inflammation. It is a preferred treatment for osteoarthritis because it has fewer side effects than aspirin. Overdosing can result in serious liver and kidney damage.